The global COVID-19 pandemic has transformed the way governments interact with their people. Internet and technology have been used in an unprecedented way for tracking, marketing and informing policies. However, behind this increased use of technology lays a very important issue: Have our rights also become digitalized?
At a 2018 forum, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) emphasized the importance of digital governance while raising concerns about how data-driven innovation and technology risked breaching personal data and privacy. The key takeaway from the forum was how to prevent digital transformation from breaching human rights as more and more companies and governments push technological innovations without anticipating their impacts.
Cases involving personal security, information leaks, misinformation, fraud, cyberattacks and many other forms of as yet unregulated illicit activities have raised questions about whether governance can match the growth digital woes in terms of pace.
The global Ranking Digital Rights (RDR) index for 2020 reveals the predictament of this issue in evaluating digital governance at 26 global tech giants, which serve more than 4.6 billion users and have a combined market cap of nearly US$11 trillion.
The best performing global technology companies like Twitter, Ooredoo and Telefonica rated only a D (4—5 percent) in the 2020 RDR. Meanwhile, supply chain giant Amazon raked at the bottom of 14 digital platforms for reportedly having less transparency in how it handled or secured user information and data retention policies. These findings have raised an alert for governments as to whether ther policymaking process could balance the seed of the digital economy.
Based on this years data from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), only 128 out of 192 countries (66 percent) regulate personal data security and privacy, while 10 percent has started drafting regulations and 10 percent has no regulations. The most recent example is China, whose government imposed a strict regulation on digital companies with clear boundaries and a hefty fine for perpetrators.
What about Indonesia?
The Indonesia government has been promoting Industry 4.0 in response to the global trend. However, it is still waiting for the House of Representatives to approve the personal data protection bill, an umbrella policy. Without the legistation, promoting digital governance will have no legal basis and key players will be unable to translate it into derivative corporate policies.
Learning from the controversial making of the Job Creation Law and the Corruption Eradication Commision (KPK) Law revision, the government should give civil society access to deliberation on the personal data protection bill. The public has the right to participate in formulating, monitoring and evaluating derivative regulations.
Why? The essence of digital governance is people-to-people governance. It is about how government regulates companies and how companies accomodate individual rights. With public participation, the government will have a more sound and effective regulation to govern the digital world.
The Communications and Information Ministry has publicly announced the prepatory phases for regulating data acquisition, protection, security and incentives schemes to spur competition amongst the key players. In light of this initiative, the following three recommendations could help the process.
First, the government must craft a comprehensive end-to-end business model that usus the right governance framework to avoid the “e-government trap” that has been familiarized through the e-government (SBPE) national program. The scope of digital governance is far wider that e-government.
Along the way, the “e” for the electronic element has come into play with e-government, e-governance and e-democracy. The operational definition of e-government as contrary to e-governance is often mixed up with shifting everything online without adjusting the overall framework of governance.
The current use of digital technology has transformed the overall definition to be more specific. Welchman (2015) defines digital governance as “a framework for establishing accountability, roles, and decision-making authority for an organization’s digital presence”. These are the main aspects of regulating policy, strategy and standards (rules-based).
Ilya and Syahraki (2020) offers an alternative approach to digital governance that emphasize the use of principles (output-based) rather than rules based governance (structural). This approach used to address end-to-end business in the digital world. Ensuring good principles of digital governance in designing the data information flow in each stakeholder’s business processes will strengthen the overall implementation of digital governance, as each sector has a unique context.
The latter approach offers clearer technical terms for digital governance. However, its scope should aslo cover government entities and state institutions. As examples, take a look at PeduliLindungi, the Health Ministry’s compulsory COVID-19 contact tracing app, Mobile JKN, the official app of the Health Care and Social Security Agency (BPJS Kesehatan) and many other government-developed apps. Whether the apps protect data privaci or not depends on the technical knowledge of the developer team as well as the IT vendor that designs their user interface and experience.
Next, invest in training talents in the bureaucracy on digital knowledge. We can learn from Singapore and Estonia, which started by educating public servants as policymakers and implementers. Armed with this knowledge, they can educate the public through government programs.
Second, Indonesia should introduce policy enablers by stimulating the policy environment, i.e. adopting the global RDR index at both national and local levels. The policy instrument will urge not only companies, but also government agencies to reflect and adjust their business models based on people or customer needs.
This is akin to the way a digital corporate rating system works. The government can apply the same framework to shift the mindset of policy implementers, companies and the public, especially in how to govern their apps. In involving all stakeholders, the policy instrument will shape the flow of digital governance in Indonesia.
In the end, the governent needs to embrace meaningful public participation to shape Indonesia’s digital governance, since policymaking requires technical knowledge on how technology works with people’s behavior. As each of us determines our rights, every citizen should be abl to take an active part in protecting and shaping digital governance.
This way, interactions and synergy among policymakers, key players and users will safeguard digital human rights and welfare that is just a click away.
Written by: Lenny Hidayat, SSos, MPP. The author is a Public Policy and Governance Specialist – The Partnership for Governance Reform (KEMITRAAN)
This article is the opinion of the author. This article was previously published on The Jakarta Post.
Perjanjian ini ditandatangani antara Green Climate Fund (GCF) dan KEMITRAAN. Perjanjian ini meresmikan akuntabilitas KEMITRAAN dalam melaksanakan proyek-proyek yang disetujui oleh GCF.
Untuk diketahui, GCF adalah dana khusus terbesar di dunia yang membantu negara-negara berkembang untuk mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca dan meningkatkan kemampuan mereka dalam merespons perubahan iklim.
Dana ini dihimpun oleh Konvensi Kerangka Kerja PBB tentang Perubahan Iklim (UNFCCC) pada tahun 2010. GCF memiliki peran penting dalam mewujudkan Perjanjian Paris, yakni mendukung tujuan untuk menjaga kenaikan suhu global rata-rata di bawah 2 derajat celsius.
This agreement was signed between Green Climate Fund (GCF) and PARTNERSHIP. This agreement formalizes KEMITRAAN’s accountability in implementing projects approved by the GCF.
For your information, the GCF is the world’s largest special fund that helps developing countries reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase their ability to respond to climate change.
These funds were collected by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2010. The GCF has an important role in realizing the Paris Agreement, namely supporting the goal of keeping the average global temperature increase below 2 degrees Celsius.
